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PROF. STEFANO MAINI LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

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1) MAINI S., 1972.- Prima indagine sui parassiti di Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) su mais nel Bolognese.- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 30: 205-218. 28 ref.
First investigation on the parasites of Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) on maize in the Bologna district.
Increased cultivation of maize in Italy has resulted in increased infestation by pests, especially Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.), one of the most injurious species in northern Italy. Since no recent research had been done on its natural enemies, full-fed larvae were collected from 174 maize varieties in a large experimental field in the Province of Bologna and provided with corrugated cardboard in which to spend the diapause period; the rolls of cardboard were placed in wooden boxes and kept out of doors for the winter, and in spring they were examined for emerged adults of Ostrinia or parasites. During collection of the Pyralid larvae, an average infestation rate of 12.71 larvae/plant (excluding the ears) was observed. Adults from the experimental rearing emerged between 21st May and mid-July, with a peak in late June. Only one parasite species was found, the Tachinid Lydella thompsoni Herting, and the rate of parasitism appeared to be about 1%; there was no significant difference between the rates of parasitism in Ostrinia larvae taken from different maize varieties, but it is suggested that the thick stems of most of the varieties now cultivated may prevent the ovipositing parasite female from reaching the host larva with the ovipositor. Further research in other places is proposed in order to determine whether this low rate of parasitism is general or only local.

2) MAINI S., 1973.- Prova preliminare con attrattivi sessuali nei confronti della Piralide.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 23 (9): 11-14. 8 ref.
Preliminary test with sex attractants in relation to the European corn borer.In view of the contradictory results obtained with the synthetic sex attractants cis- and trans-11-tetradecenyl acetate in tests with Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in the United States, both compounds were tested in 1972 in cardboard traps of two different types in maize fields in the Bologna district of Italy, where the borer has been a troublesome pest for some years and is difficult to control with chemical insecticides. Neither compound proved specific to O. nubilalis, and the numbers of this species caught were rather low. The shape of the trap appeared to have more effect on catch size than did the isomer used; more male moths were caught in a trap with separate roof and floor without walls and connected only by a wire frame in the middle (Pherotrap I) than in a trap that was open at each end but had four concave walls (Sectar XC 26). The cis isomer proved very attractive to males of Argyrotaenia pulchellana (Haw.).

3) MAINI S., 1974.- Ulteriori indagini sui parassiti di Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in provincia di Bologna.- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 32: 133-151. 20 ref.
Further investigations on the parasites of Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in the Province of Bologna.
In further studies on the parasites of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) on maize in the Italian Province of Bologna, an attempt was made to evaluate the status of these parasites and the extent to which they affect the Ostrinia populations in different types of environment. Larvae were collected and reared as before, but samples were taken from 42 different localities including sites in the mountains and on the plains. The adult flight period of the overwintered generation of O. nubilalis began on 28 May, reached a peak on 18-30 June and lasted for about 60 days. The parasites were Lydella thompsoni Herting, which emerged 25 days before the host and probably also parasitised other hosts, Eriborus terebrans (Grav.) (Diadegma terebrans) and Chelonus annulipes Wesm., which emerged at the end of June; and Campoplex alkae (Ellinger & Sachtleben) (Sinophorus alkae), which emerged during the winter under laboratory conditions. L. thompsoni was present in all localities except one and caused 16.27% parasitism in the mountains and 9.96% in the plains; none of the Hymenoptera gave more than 0.65% parasitism. All the species together afforded 10.65% parasitism on the plain and 17.3% in the mountains, the highest rate of parasitism being observed in the environments where the average Ostrinia infestation rate was lowest, such as in the areas where agriculture was less specialised; possible reasons for this are discussed.

4) MAINI S., 1974.- I feromoni di attrazione sessuale nella lotta contro gli Insetti.- Natura e Montagna, 21: 55-61.

5) PLATIA G., MAINI S., 1975.- Ricerche sugli Insetti parassiti di Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) nel Forlivese.- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 32: 189-202.
Studies on the insect parasites of Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in the Forlì district.Investigations similar to those in the Italian Province of Bologna were carried out in 1973-74 in the Province of Forli on the parasites of the overwintering generation of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.). Maize stalks containing overwintering larvae were collected in autumn and winter from various localities ranging from the coast to the mountains. Infestation appeared to be lower in the hill and mountain areas. The flight period of O. nubilalis lasted from 27 May to 16 July, with a peak in mid-June. As in previous observations, Lydella thompsoni Herting was the commonest parasite, giving 11.67% parasitism on the plains and 20.91% in the mountains, and its flight period began 33 days before that of its host. The other parasites were Eriborus terebrans (Grav.) (Diadegma terebrans) and Chelonus annulipes Wesm., which began to emerge on 10 June; Campoplex alkae (Ellinger & Sachtleben) (Sinophorus alkae), mostly in mountainous areas; and Bracon hebetor Say (Habrobracon hebetor), which was obtained from 1 site only and overwinters as an adult. Combined parasitism over the entire province averaged 19%, with averages of 26.82% for the mountains and 12.15% for the plains.

6) MAINI S., 1975.- Prove di efficacia con feromoni di sintesi per l'attrazione sessuale della Piralide del mais.- Inf.tore Agrario, 31: 20813-20820.

7) KLUN J. A. and Cooperators, 1975.- Insect sex pheromones: intraspecific pheromonal variability of Ostrinia nubilalis in North America and Europe.- Environ. Entomol., 4: 891-894.
(Il contributo per l'Italia è di S. Maini) (S. Maini Cooperator for Italy).
The attraction of males of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) of 5 ratios of the Z:E isomers (1:0, 97:3, 1:1, 3:97 and 0:1) of the sex pheromone, 11-tetradecenyl acetate, were monitored at 31 locations in North America and Europe. The pattern of male response to the isomeric blends varied from one location to another. Most male populations on both continents responded preferentially to the 97:3 Z:E blend, but populations at several locations were either attracted preferentially to the 3:97 blend or showed heterogenity in response. Heterogeneity of male response was greatest in regions where the two pheromonal phenotypes of O. nubilalis occurred sympatrically.

8) MAINI S., 1976.- Nuovo fitofago dannoso al mais: Angustalius malacellus Dup.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 26 (1): 5-10. 16 ref.
A new plant pest injurious to maize: Angustalius malacellus Dup. (Lep. Pyralidae: Crambinae). In July 1975, severe damage was caused to maize of the second crop near Mantua in Italy by a pyralid previously unknown in that country, Angustalius malacellus (Dup.), which made holes in the leaves, mined the stalks and attacked the collar and roots. Larval density was never more than 1/plant, and the larvae were difficult to find because those near to pupation and those feeding on the collar or roots formed cases of earth and silk within which they fed. They pupated in the same cases in the soil, and the adults emerged six days later. Adults reared in the laboratory tended to scatter their eggs at random or in the dishes containing food, and it is thought that in the field they may oviposit during flight. The egg and larval stages lasted about 5 and 20 days, respectively, but larvae hatching later in the season overwintered in their earthen cases. In the Mantua district the pyralid appeared to have 2-3 generations a year. Possible reasons for the sudden outbreak of A. malacellus and the likelihood of a reoccurrence are discussed. From the literature of other countries it is concluded that this pyralid develops unnoticed on grasses and other wild plants and invades related cultivated plants when a large area is cleared of weeds; since in the present observations the species was found only on maize, this possibility cannot yet be verified for the Mantua district.

9) MAINI S., 1976.- Campionamento dei fitofagi nell'ambito della lotta guidata alle avversità del mais.- Notiziario e Rassegna Stampa, Regione Emilia-Romagna, II Dip. Agricoltura e Alimentazione, 4 (31): 6-11.

10) BACA F., CHIANG H. C., MAINI S., 1976.- A list of recent publications on the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis in China, Italy, Philippines, Thailand and Yugoslavia. Report of the International Project on Ostrinia nubilalis, Phase III, Results.- Hungarian Academy of Science: 174-181.

11) MAINI S., KLUN J. A., 1978.- Portable cold table for immobilizing and handling insects- Iowa State J. Res., 52: 387-390.

12) MAINI S., PALLOTTI G., PLATIA G., 1978.- Ricerche sulla identificazione del feromone sessuale in popolazioni bolognesi di Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) e relative prove di campo.- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 34: 15-25. 36 ref.
Research into the identification of the sex pheromone in Bologna populations of Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) and related field tests.In view of the contradictory indications in the literature on the relative proportions of the cis- and trans-isomers of 11-tetradecenyl acetate (TDA) approximating most closely to the natural female sex pheromone of the maize pest Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.), further field and laboratory experiments were made on the subject in Italy, using populations originating from the Bologna area; the methods used to rear the larvae on artificial diets and to prepare the abdominal tips of adult females for analysis by gas chromatography are described. In the laboratory, the extracts of female abdominal tips contained a (Z):(E) ratio of TDA between 31:69 and 10:90, averaging 17.5:82.5. However, field experiments with different proportions of the isomers continued, as in previous years, to result in a statistically significant preferential attraction of male moths to extracts with a ratio of 2:98. Possible reasons for this are suggested, including the role of other so far unidentified chemical constituents in the attractiveness of the pheromone, and the possible chemical role of the artificial larval diet in the development of females more attractive to laboratory-reared males than to field-caught ones. The importance is stressed of determining the exact chemical composition of the sex pheromone in order that it may be used for the control of O. nubilalis.

13) CHAPMAN O. L., KLUN J. A., MATTES H. C., SHERIDAN F. S., MAINI S., 1978.- Chemoreceptors in Lepidoptera: stereochemical differentiation of dual receptors for an achiral pheromone.- Science, 201: 926-928. 9 ref.
The racemate and optically pure enantiomers of 9-(2-cyclopenten-1-yl)nonyl acetate were synthesised and shown to mimic certain biological properties of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate. Males of the European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.)] and the redbanded leafroller [Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlk.)] responded differently to the racemate and the enantiomers in precopulatory assays. The responses demonstrated the presence of two stereospecific chemoreceptors, showed the chiral character of these receptors and defined the conformation of carbon atoms 10-14 of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate to these receptors.

14) MAINI S., PALLOTTI G., PLATIA G., 1978.- Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. males trapping with virgin females of different genotypes in Bologna (Italy). In: C. R. Les pheromones sexuelles des insectes et les médiateurs chimiques. Antibes 6-8 Nov., 1978.- I.N.R.A. Cen. Rech. Antibes St. Zool., Antibes, 82-85.

15) PLATIA G., PALLOTTI G., MAINI S., 1979.- Prime prove in Italia con attrattivo sessuale di sintesi della Nottua del Mais Sesamia cretica Led. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).- La Difesa delle Piante, 2: 5-12.

16) KLUN J. A., MAINI S., CHAPMAN O. L., LEPONE G., LEE G. H., 1979.- Suppression of male European corn borer sex attraction and precopulatory reactions with (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, a compound previously isolated from extracts of female abdomen tips.- J. Chem. Ecol., 5: 345-352. 9 ref.
(E)-9-Tetradecenyl acetate had previously been shown to be present in extracts of females of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) along with (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and tetradecyl acetate. In field tests in Iowa and laboratory assays, (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate suppressed male attraction and precopulatory behaviour, but tetradecyl acetate had no influence. The bioassay data indicate that (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and the isomeric 11-tetradecenyl acetates are perceived through separate sensory channels. A blend of (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and the 11-tetradecenyl acetates might be useful as a disruptor of mating efficiency of this pest species in the field.

17) KLUN J. A., MAINI S., 1979.- Genetic basis of an insect chemical communication system: the European corn borer.- Environ. Entomol., 8: 423-426. 15 ref.
Geometric isomers of 11-tetradecenyl acetate make up the sex pheromone secretion of females of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.). The isomeric composition of the secretion was found to be controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance involving one pair of alleles. The female AA genotype secreted an isomer mixture that approximated to 3:97 Z:E and the aa genotype secreted approximately 97:3 Z:E. Hybrid females (Aa genotype) that arise from crosses between the AA and aa genotypes secreted an isomer mixture that approximated to 35:65 Z:E and sibling males responded preferentially to the 35:65 isomer combination rather than to either of the parental isomer mixtures. The 3 pheromonal forms were detected in feral populations of the insect from Italy and New Jersey.

18) MAINI S., 1979.- Notiziario: III incontro del gruppo di lavoro sull'uso dei feromoni nel controllo integrato.- La Difesa delle Piante, 2: 319-322.

19) CIANCHI R., MAINI S., BULLINI L., 1980.- Genetic distance between pheromone strains of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis: different contribution of variable substrate, regulatory and non regulatory enzymes.- Heredity, 45: 383-388. 19 ref.
Genetic divergence between 2 forms of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) that were characterised by a different composition of the sex pheromone, was studied on the basis of 30 gene-enzyme systems. The standard genetic distance between the forms was D=0.024 according to the measure of M. Nei (1972); this was markedly different from the value of D=0.002 previously obtained by other workers on 10 enzyme loci between populations genetically homogeneous with those studied here. To examine the discrepancy and to test a hypothesis of a correlation between the metabolic role of enzymes and their rate of evolution, the sample of 30 loci was subdivided into 2 classes: 14 loci coding for variable substrate and regulatory enzymes on the one hand and 16 loci coding for non-regulatory enzymes on the other. The mean values of genetic distance calculated separately for the 2 classes of enzymes were significantly different: Df=0.056 and Ds=0.004, respectively. The ratio Df/Ds was 14, a value of the same magnitude as found in various taxa at the beginning of their process of divergence, as indicated by recent data on both vertebrates and invertebrates. The data confirm the hypothesis of a bimodality in the rate of evolution of different classes of enzymes and explain the differences between the value of the mean genetic distance found in the present studies and that obtained earlier by other workers. They confirm the importance of the choice of loci in evaluating genetic divergence. Mean values of genetic distance may be without meaning unless they take into account the proportions of loci with different metabolic roles.

20) MAINI S., PASQUALINI E., 1980.- Conopia (=Synanthedon) myopaeformis Bkh. (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) in Emilia Romagna segnalata mediante trappole a feromone sessuale sintetico.- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 35: 181-188. 13 ref.
Conopia (= Synanthedon) myopaeformis Bkh. (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) monitored in the Emilia-Romagna region by means of synthetic sex pheromone traps.
Populations of Synanthedon myopaeformis (Bkh.) (Conopia myopaeformis), which had proved very injurious to commercial apple and pear orchards in different countries, were monitored in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy by means of sex pheromone traps in 1979-80, and the presence of the pest was reported in 5 provinces as a result. The synthetic pheromones used to bait the traps were a mixture of 850 mu g (3Z,13Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate with 50 mu g (3E,13Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate, 50 mu g (3Z,13E)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate and 50 mu g (3E,13E)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate in 1979, and both the same mixture and a bait of 1000 mu g (3Z,13Z)-3,13-octadecadienyl acetate alone in 1980. Traps containing the first bait were selective for S. myopaeformis, and the flight curves of the adult males were clearly shown; these varied greatly in different localities and to a lesser extent in different years, but there was usually a flight peak in June.

21) PASQUALINI E., MAINI S., 1981.- Lepidotteri Sesiidi dannosi al melo con particolare riferimento a Conopia myopaeformis Bkh.- Inf.tore Agrario, 37: 16101- 16103.

22) LANDI P., MAINI S., 1981.- Infestazione da Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) su mais in relazione ad alcuni aspetti colturali e morfologici della pianta.- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 36: 69-81. 14 ref.
Infestation by Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) on maize in relation to some cultural and morphological aspects of the plant.
Natural infestation of 4 early maize hybrids by Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) was studied in Bologna, Italy, in 1978-79 on plots planted at the densities of 4, 6 and 8 plants/m2. In the 1978 tests, the maize was sown in early May and at the end of June, and the plants were examined for the number of larvae on each, the proportion of plants attacked, the incidence of ear damage and (in the earlier crop only) the proportion of ears damaged at the tip to the total number of damaged ears. Damage incidence (proportion of damaged ears and degree of damage on each ear) was heavier in the early than in the late-sown crop; more widely spaced plants showed a lower incidence of tip damage than did those sown densely, and some interaction was also seen between the hybrid varieties and sowing dates. In the tests in 1979, the maize was sown only in May and the flag-leaves were removed soon after silking and before the summer flight of O. nubilalis. Varietal differences were observed in the number of larvae per plant, per stem, per peduncle, per ear and per m2, in the percentages of infested plants and of ears with tip damage. As plant density increased, a progressive reduction was oberved in the number of larvae per plant, per stem and per peduncle, in the percentage of infested plants and of ears damaged at the tip, but a progressive increase in the number of larvae per m2. Removal of the flag leaf appeared to have no effect on larval density or on damage type.

23) MAINI S., 1981.- Importanza degli attrattivi sessuali come nuovo mezzo di controllo e di censimento degli insetti dannosi.- Atti del Convegno "Insetticidi, Agricoltura, Ecologia", Forlì 12 marzo 1981, Suppl. 22-23, La Provincia di Forlì: 34-35.

24) MAINI S., GAVIOLI F., 1982.- Female-baited traps for Ostrinia nubilalis Hb.: addition of synthetic pheromones reduces the attraction.- Les Mediateurs chimiques, 16-20 nov. 1981, Ed. INRA, Les Colloques de l'INRA, 7: 391-393. 5 ref.
Previous laboratory tests indicating that (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate reduced male response to the stimuli provided by the females of Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. were confirmed by field tests in Bologna, Italy, with water traps baited either only with laboratory-reared females of a stock originating from New York or both with females and with different blends of synthetic pheromone components. Fewer males were attracted to the doubly baited traps than to those with females alone, the reduction in attraction of New York females being highly significant when a mixture of (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate was used. It is suggested that this mixture might be used to disrupt the mating of O. nubilalis in maize fields.

25) TONINI C., CASSANI G., PICCARDI P., MAINI S., CASTELLARI P. L., PASQUALINI E., 1982.- Identification of Pandemis cerasana sex pheromone components.- Les Mediateurs chimiques, 16-20 nov. 1981, Ed. INRA, Les colloques de l'INRA, 7: 396-397.
The methods (including gas-liquid chromatography and electroantennography) are described that were used in the laboratory in Italy for the analysis of the female sex pheromone of Pandemis cerasana (Hb.), a polyphagous species that sometimes causes severe damage in commercial apple orchards. The role of all the pheromone components identified was not clear, but in field tests good selective catches were obtained with a blend of 750 µg (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and 250 µg (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate.

26) PASQUALINI E., BORTOLOTTI A., MAINI S., BARONIO P., CAMPADELLI G., 1982.- Cossus cossus L. (Lep., Cossidae) male catches in Emilia-Romagna (Italy) with synthetic pheromones .- Les Mediateurs chimiques, 16-20 nov. 1981, Ed. INRA, Les Colloques de l'INRA, 7: 399-401.
For the control of Cossus cossus (L.) on apple near Bologna, Italy, different blends of the synthetic sex pheromone were tested in different types of trap placed at different heights on the tree. Of the 7 pheromone blends tested, the most attractive proved to be a mixture of 500 µg (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate with 250 µg (Z)-3-decenyl acetate and 250 µg (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate or a mixture of 800 µg (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate with 200 µg (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, but neither was as attractive as living virgin females. A trap made of white poly(vinyl chloride) tubing coated with a thick layer of Tanglefoot adhesive gave higher catches than did experimental traps each made of 2 green plastic plates hung at different distances apart and coated with adhesive, or the commercially available Pherocon and Montedison traps. In all tests, the attractiveness of the traps declined after 7-10 days.

27) TONINI C., CASSANI G., PICCARDI P., MAINI S., CASTELLARI P. L., PASQUALINI E., 1982.- Sex pheromone components of the leaf roller moth Pandemis cerasana.- J. Insect Physiol., 28: 443-446. 9 ref.
Female-tip washings of Pandemis cerasana (Hb.) were found to contain (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate, (E)-11-tetradecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol and tetradecyl acetate, based on chemical analysis and electroantennogram tests. The relative amounts of these compounds in the gland were about 64:21:10:3:2, respectively. Only (E)-11- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate were required for attraction of males to traps, dispensed in the ratio 3:1.

28) CELLI G., MAINI S., 1982.- Lotta biologica integrata in agricoltura.- CESTAAT, Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste, Roma, 1a Ed.: 140 pp.

29) MAINI S., PASQUALINI E., BORTOLOTTI A., CASTELLARI P. L., 1982.- Feromone sessuale di Pandemis cerasana Hb. (= ribeana Hb.): prove in campo sull'attrattività di varie miscele di componenti.- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 37: 101-108. 6 ref.
Sex pheromone of Pandemis cerasana Hb. (= ribeana Hb.): field tests on the attractiveness of various mixtures of components.
In apple orchards in different parts of Italy, 2 and 4 blends of components of the sex pheromone of Pandemis cerasana (Hb.), a major pest in the Emilia-Romagna region, were tested in 1980 and 1981, respectively. In 1980, 1 mg of a mixture of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in the ratios 1:3 and 3:1 were tested in the Provinces of Bologna and Ferrara. In 1981, in the Provinces of Bologna, Modena and Ferrara, 1 mg of the original mixture at 1:3, alone or with the addition of 1 mg tetradecyl acetate, or with all 3 components in smaller quantities together with the corresponding alcohols (either alone or with a further addition of tetradecyl acetate) were tested. In both years, the 1:3 original mixture attracted more males than the others, and the baits containing only the acetate compounds were more attractive than those with the alcohols added. Two flight periods of P. cerasana were monitored in the orchards and showed similar patterns. The original mixture with tetradecyl acetate is now widely used for monitoring populations of P. cerasana and contributes towards an early warning system.

30) PASQUALINI E., BORTOLOTTI A., MAINI S., BRIOLINI G., CASTELLARI P.L., 1982.- Distribuzione spaziale e fenologia degli sfarfallamenti di tre specie di Lepidotteri Tortricidi ricamatori in Emilia-Romagna.- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 37: 109-121. 11 ref.
Spatial distribution and phenology of adult emergence of three species of Lepidoptera Tortricidae leaf-rollers in Emilia-Romagna.
In 1980-81, the spatial distribution and flight patterns of 3 of the major tortricid pests of apple and pear, Pandemis cerasana Hb., Archips podanus (Scop.) and Argyrotaenia pulchellana (Haw.), were investigated by means of sex-pheromone traps set up in 240 apple orchards in different localities in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. The 3 species occurred over the whole region, but numbers differed greatly in the different provinces. A. pulchellana and Archips podanus each had 3 flight periods and P. cerasana had 2 coinciding with the first 2 of A. podanus, which indicated the most important times for chemical treatment. Peak catches of Argyrotaenia pulchellana varied greatly and were not followed by heavy larval infestations, which indicated that the sex traps were attracting males from other fruit crops and were not a reliable means of monitoring this polyphagous species on apple and pear.

31) PASQUALINI E., BORTOLOTTI A., MAINI S., BARONIO P., CAMPADELLI G., 1982.- Impiego di feromoni sintetici nella lotta contro Cossus cossus L. (Lepidoptera, Cossidae).- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 37: 123- 135. 8 ref.Use of synthetic pheromones in the control of Cossus cossus L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). In tests of different types of sex-pheromone traps for the control of Cossus cossus (L.), a polyphagous pest causing severe damage to apple in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy, traps consisting of a tube of poly(vinyl chloride) proved more effective than funnel traps. Newly emerged females attracted more males than did a synthetic pheromone mixture of 80% (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate and 20% (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, but the attractiveness of the female declined after 2 days, while the pheromone mixture remained effective for about 2 weeks. The trap densities tested (1 trap/0.06 ha or 0.01 ha) gave similar results in terms of average weekly numbers of males per trap, and each trap had a very limited range of attraction (not much more than the width of a tree canopy); it was concluded that, until a more powerful sex attractant was available, the trap density would have to be increased considerably for trapping to be used effectively in an integrated control programme.

32) MAINI S., 1983.- Prospettive della lotta biologica in frutticoltura.- Economia Trentina, 3: 88-92.

33) MAINI S., CELLI G., GATTAVECCHIA C., PAOLETTI M., 1983.- Presenza e impiego nella lotta biologica del Trichogramma maidis Pintureau e Voegelé (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) parassita oofago di Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in alcune zone dell'Italia settentrionale.- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 37: 209-217. 25 ref.
Presence, and use in biological control, of Trichogramma maidis Pintureau & Voegele (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae), an egg parasite of Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) in some zones of northern Italy.
In the summer of 1982, a survey was made on the distribution and density of the egg parasitoids of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) infesting maize in northern Italy. Trichogramma maidis Pintureau & Voegele was the only species found, giving 38.4% parasitism of Ostrinia egg masses collected in August and September. A small-scale field control test was carried out against the second generation of O. nubilalis, by introducing eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Ol.) parasitised by T. maidis, and the number of mature Ostrinia larvae found in the main stems and peduncles of the earheads was greatly reduced in plots where parasitised eggs had been released.

34) MAINI S., PASQUALINI E., 1983.- Prove in campo con attrattivi sessuali per Euzophera bigella Zell. (Lep.: Pyralidae).- Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, 37: 219-224. 8 ref.
Field tests with sex attractants for Euzophera bigella Zell. (Lep.: Pyralidae).Accidental trapping of Euzophera bigella Zell. in sex traps intended for the capture of other tortricids in Italy led to the testing of several attractants in 1981-82 for their effectiveness towards that species on apple in several provinces. (Z)-9-Tetradecen-1-ol was attractive in all tests, but average weekly catches of males in traps baited with a mixture of 750 µg (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol with 250 µg (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate were significantly higher than catches obtained with the other blends tested. It proved possible to use this mixture in sex traps for field monitoring of E. bigella; though flight was almost continuous from May to September, 3 distinct peaks were observed.

35) PASQUALINI E., MAINI S., MEMMI M., MAZZINI F., 1983.- Le trappole sessuali e la loro corretta utilizzazione.- Agricoltura, Regione Emilia-Romagna, 11 (3): 15-16.

36) ANGLADE P., STOCKEL J., I.W.G.O. Cooperators, 1984.- Intraspecific sex-pheromone variability in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae).- Agronomie, 4: 183-187. (S. Maini collaboratore per l'Italia) (Cooperator for Italy is S. Maini).

37) PASQUALINI E., GAVIOLI F., BARONIO P., MALAVOLTA C., CAMPADELLI G., MAINI S., 1984.- Studio sulla possibilità di realizzazione del metodo della cattura in massa per Cossus cossus L. (Lep. Cossidae).- Boll. Ist. Ent. "Guido Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 39: 187-199. 7 ref.
Study on the possibility of implementing the mass-trapping method for Cossus cossus L. (Lep. Cossidae).In apple orchards in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy infested by Cossus cossus, a combined control and monitoring programme was carried out in 1982-84 by means of traps baited with natural or synthetic sex attractants, in order to test the feasibility of control by mass-trapping of males and to compare the relative attractiveness of laboratory-reared virgin females and a mixture of 0.8 mg (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate and 0.2 mg (Z)-3-decenyl acetate. A decline in the numbers of males caught in pheromone traps in 1984 as compared with 1982 appeared to be caused not only by trapping in previous years but also by unusually cold weather in 1984. Traps placed at the edge of the orchards usually caught more males than did those in central positions. The synthetic pheromone mixture was less attractive than living virgin females in the traps, and both bait types were attractive only at night. Females usually began to attract males within the first 48 h after emergence, were most attractive during the next 2-3 days, and lived for about a week. It is concluded that control of the cossid by mass-trapping could be facilitated by placing traps more densely round the edge of the orchards.

38) BIN F., MAINI S., 1984.- Possibilities for biocontrol of Sesamia spp.(Lep. Noctuidae) by egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera).- Abs. Vol., XVII Int. Congr. Ent., Hamburg, August 20-26, 1984: 777.

39) MAINI S., CELLI G., VOEGELÉ J., GATTAVECCHIA C., BURCHI C., PIZZOL J., 1984.- First trial in inondative release of Trichogramma maidis for control of Ostrinia nubilalis in Northern Italy.- Abs. Vol., XVII Int. Congr. Ent., Hamburg, August 20-26, 1984, 791.

40) MAINI S., 1985.- I feromoni nella lotta biologica. In: Quaderni di "Territorio è ..."/1. Territorio, agricoltura, ecologia. Edizioni delle Autonomie, Bologna, 43-51.

41) ROTUNDO G., TONINI C., CAPIZZI A., MAINI S., 1985.- Il feromone sessuale di Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).- Boll. Lab. Ent. Agr. "Filippo Silvestri", 42: 191-206. 25 ref.
The sex pheromone of Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).Analysis of extracts of the abdominal tips of the females of Sesamia nonagrioides by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that the main component of the sex pheromone was (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate; small quantities of (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol were also found, and direct analysis of the female pheromone gland indicated the average quantities per female to be 25 ng of the 1st compound and 1.5 ng of the 2nd. The activity of these compounds was established by electroantennography. Field tests on maize in Italy confirmed the attractiveness of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate to S. nonagrioides and also to Mythimna unipuncta. Catches of the 2nd species increased with the addition of (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol until it formed 50% of the mixture, when the catches declined considerably. Field catches in light traps or in traps baited with the synthetic compounds indicated 2 flight peaks for M. unipuncta and 1 for S. nonagrioides coinciding with the milky-ripe stage of summer-sown maize. Water traps were the most effective for S. nonagrioides and inverted cone traps made of plastic netting for M. unipuncta. Rubber septa impregnated with the pheromone were more effective than the polyethylene fibril 'sandwich' type of dispenser.

42) MAINI S., BURCHI C., BOTTEGHI P., 1986.- Effetti collaterali di un piretroide e del Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner in rapporto a Trichogramma maidis Pint. e Voeg.: osservazioni di laboratorio.- Atti Giorn. Fitopat., 3: 507-518.

43) MAINI S., MOSTI M., 1987.- Relazioni tra Archips rosanus (L.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) e Trichogramma embryophagum (Htg.) (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) in ecosistema naturale e coltivato.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 42: 119-129. 32 ref.
Relationship between Archips rosanus (L.) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) and Trichogramma embryophagum (Htg.) (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) in natural and cultivated ecosystems.
The relationship between Archips rosanus and its egg parasitoid Trichogramma embryophagum was studied in an apple orchard and 2 pine forests in Italy. In 1984, of 80 egg masses of the host (62 live) collected from hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha [C. laevigata]) in one of the pine forests, parthenogenetic wingless females of T. embryophagum emerged from only 6 (9.68%). In 1985, in 278 egg masses (251 live) found in several areas of the natural ecosystems, the average rate of parasitoid emergence was 13.9%, with a peak of 32.4%. The parasitoid was however absent in all 309 egg masses (282 live) sampled in the same year from the apple orchard whether collected from apple trees sprayed with pesticides or from untreated hawthorn hedges. Despite some difficulties, it was possible to maintain the second and some subsequent generations of T. embryophagum on UV treated eggs of the pyralid Ephestia kuehniella in the laboratory. In these generations, both winged males and females were found. Catches in pheromone traps baited with 1 mg of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecen-1-ol in a 9:1 ratio showed that A. rosanus was more prevalent in the apple orchard, particularly in the hawthorn hedges, than in the natural ecosystems. This is attributed to the lack of its parasitoid in the former habitat.

44) BRATTI A., MALAVOLTA C., MAINI S., PASQUALINI E., CAPIZZI A., 1987.- Comparative trials of sex attractant and dispenser types for Cossus cossus L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae).- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 42: 179-192. 9 ref.
The effectiveness of 3 types of dispenser (Standard, Bimatrix and Polethylene-fibrils) baited with varying amounts and ratios of dodecenyl acetate and decenyl acetate were compared for their efficiency in mass trapping Cossus cossus in apple orchards in Italy in 1985. Dispensers were replaced at intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 120 days. The quantity of the 2 pheromone components was the most important factor influencing the number of males captured; the mean number of males captured increased with concentration. The optimum ratio of the components for the polyethylene-fibril dispenser was 1:1. Bimatrix showed the strongest and most constant performance of the 3 different types of dispensers tested, especially when bait was not changed for at least one month. However, if bait was replaced regularly, the other 2 types of dispenser were equally good.

45) PEÑA A., ARN H., BUSER H. R., RAUSCHER S., BIGLER F., MAINI S., TÒTH M., 1988.- Sex pheromone of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis: polymorphism in various laboratory and field strains.- J. Chem. Ecol., 14: 1359-1368. 25 ref.
Sex gland extracts of females of laboratory and field strains of the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis from Switzerland, Italy and Hungary were analysed. Individuals could be classified into 3 types, the first containing between 1 and 20 ng of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and approximately 2% (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ((E)-type), the second with 1-10 ng (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and approximately 3% (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ((Z)-type), and the third with a more or less constant blend of 65% (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and 35% (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (hybrids). Individuals collected in the north of Switzerland were all of the (Z)-type, and male catches, with almost no exceptions, were made with mixtures containing 97% of the (Z)-isomer. In contrast, females from a laboratory culture derived from field collections made in the same area and reared for 4-5 generations were of the (E)-type and hybrids. In the south of Switzerland, 7 of 8 wild females analysed were hybrids and one was of the (Z)-type, and here the highest catches of males were obtained with mixtures containing 60-97% of the (E)-isomer. In a laboratory culture reared for 1-2 generations from individuals collected in Hungary, 3 of 9 females were hybrids while the rest were of the (Z)-type. Small amounts of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate were detected in glands of (E)-type females, but this compound had no effect on male attraction. It is recommended that with the heterogeneity of O. nubilalis in Europe, blends of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate in the approximate ratios of 97:3, 60:40 and 3:97 are used throughout.

46) MAINI S., BURCHI C., GATTAVECCHIA C., CELLI G., VOEGELÉ J., 1988.- Trichogramma maidis Pint. Voeg., in Northern Italy: augmentative releases against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).- In: Trichogramma and other egg parasites. 2nd Int. Symp., Guangzhou (China), Nov. 10- 15, 1986. Ed. INRA, Paris. Les Colloques de l'I.N.R.A., 43: 515-517.
Augmentative releases of T. maidis were evaluated for the control of the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis on maize in Italy. In 1983, 50 000 parasitoids were released in 9 bamboo containers, in 1984 150 000 were released in 8 cardboard containers (capsules) and in 1985 700 000 were released in 4 capsules against 2nd generation pests only. No differences were found between the rates of parasitism in the 3 years. Augmentative releases had only a small effect.

47) MAINI S., BURCHI C., ANDRADE J., 1988.- Edovum puttleri Grissell: rearing on Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) and its biological control. First trials on Solanum melongena L.- In: Trichogramma and other egg parasites. 2nd Int. Symp., Guangzhou (China), Nov. 10-15, 1986. Ed. INRA, Paris. Les Colloques de l'I.N.R.A., 43: 519-523.
The eulophid E. puttleri was evaluated in the laboratory, greenhouse and field in Italy, for the control of the chrysomelid L. decemlineata on aubergines. The longevity of adult males was <10 days, while that of females was <34 days, in the laboratory with 80% RH, LD 16:8 and day and night temperatures of 28-30 and 19-21øC, respectively. Parasitism and predation were recorded on artificially infested plants in a greenhouse following the release of parasitoids in batches of 200 or 100. E. puttleri was also released in the field and host egg masses were monitored at intervals of 2 days. It is concluded that laboratory-reared E. puttleri can find egg masses in the field.

48) PASQUALINI E., MALAVOLTA C., MAINI S., BARONIO P., GAVIOLI F., CAMPADELLI G., 1988.- Mass trapping of Cossus cossus L.: initial trials.- In: Médiateurs chimiques: comportement et systématique des Lépidoptères. Applications en agronomie. Valance, 13-14 décembre 1985. Ed. INRA, Paris. Les Colloques de l'I.N.R.A., 46: 157-165. 5 ref.
Traps of various shapes and with a range of attractants were tested for mass trapping Cossus cossus in orchards in Italy. There was no significant difference between cylindrical and delta traps. The most effective pheromone blend was (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-3-decenyl acetate, and (Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate in a ratio of 2:2:1. A blend of 16 mg of (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate and 8 mg of (Z)-3-decenyl acetate was more effective than the natural pheromone of virgin females. In mass trapping trials with 15 traps/ha, the number of males caught was reduced by 35.8% in 1982-84 and 42.0% in 1983-85. In trials with 30 traps/ha, there was a 48.7% reduction in 1983-85.

49) MAINI S., GATTAVECCHIA C., LIBE' A., 1988.- Impiego di velivolo ultraleggero per lanci di Trichogramma maidis Pint. e Voeg. contro Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).- Atti Giorn. Fitopat., 2: 203-212.

50) MAINI S., NICOLI G., BENUZZI M., 1988.- Edovum puttleri Grissell: trials in laboratory and in biocontrol of Colorado potato beetle on eggplant.- Proc. XVIII Int. Congr. Ent., Vancouver July 3-9, 1988: 334.

51) MAINI S., GATTAVECCHIA C., CELLI G., VOEGELÉ J., 1988.- Biocontrol of Ostrinia nubilalis Hb. on corn in Northern Italy.- Proc. XVIII Int. Congr. Ent., Vancouver July 3-9, 1988: 346.

52) PASQUALINI E., MAINI S., MALAVOLTA C., BARONIO P., 1988.- Mass trapping with sex attractants of Cossus cossus L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae).- Proc. XVIII Int. Congr. Ent., Vancouver July 3-9, 1988: 398.

53) MAINI S., GATTAVECCHIA C., 1988.- Impiego di ultraleggero nella lotta biologica contro Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.)- Atti del convegno "Mezzi aerei nelle produzioni agricole e forestali", Forlì, 11 settembre 1987: 59-62.

54) MAINI S., NICOLI G., BENUZZI M., GUIDI A., 1988.- Lotta alternativa in serra.- Terra e Vita, 29(20): 73-77.

55) CELLI G., MAINI S., 1988.- Lotta biologica integrata in agricoltura.- CESTAAT, Ministero Agricoltura e Foreste, S.E.P.E., Roma, 196 pp. (2a ed. aggiornata e ampliata, del libro pubblicato nel 1982) (second edition).

56) MAINI S., CAPPAI A., BURGIO G., 1988.- Esperienze di laboratorio con diverse sottospecie di Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner nei confronti di Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 43: 187-193. 9 ref.
Laboratory experiments using different subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).The pathogenicity of 4 subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis (B. t. subsp. sotto, B. t. subsp. kenyae, B. t. subsp. galleriae and B. thuringiensis standard E61) at different concn to 1st- and 3rd-instar larvae of the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis was investigated in the laboratory. Newly hatched larvae were more susceptible to the different subspecies than were 3rd-instar larvae. The mortality of both larval instars increased with an increase in concn of B. thuringiensis. The most pathogenic subspecies was B. t. subsp. kenyae, followed by B. t. subsp. galleriae and B. t. subsp. sotto.

57) BELLINI R., MAINI S., 1988.- Presenza stagionale e attività di parassitoidi (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) di Ditteri sinantropici in allevamenti zootecnici della Romagna.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 43: 207-222. 54 ref.
The seasonal presence and activity of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of synanthropic Diptera in animal housing in Romagna.
The parasitoids of synanthropic filth flies were monitored in 4 animal houses (2 poultry houses, one dairy and one pig house) in farms in Forli province, Romagna, Italy, in June-November 1987. A total of 30 251 naturally-occurring dipteran pupae were collected from the manure in the animal houses, and a further 16 417 pupae of laboratory-bred Musca domestica were introduced to the houses. The fly population in the animal houses was monitored weekly by sticky traps. Ophyra aenescens [Hydrotaea aenescens] was the commonest filth fly in poultry housing, M. domestica in pig housing and Stomoxys calcitrans in dairy housing. All dipteran pupae were collected weekly and a total of 8201 parasitoids emerged from the collected pupae. The following parasitoids were found: Spalangia cameroni (51.16% of the total), Muscidifurax raptor (20.83%), S. endius (16.37%), S. nigroaenea (11.44%) and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (0.20%). The percentage of parasitism was higher in wild than in introduced pupae, with S. endius and S. nigroaenea in particular showing a preference for wild pupae. The beetles Alphitobius diaperinus and Carcinops pumilio were found in high density in poultry manure.

58) MAINI S., NICOLI G., BENUZZI M., 1989.- La fragola, amici e nemici.- Agricoltura, Regione Emilia-Romagna, 17(1): 38-41.

59) BENUZZI M., CELLI G., GALLERANI V., MAINI S., NICOLI G., ORI M., ZANNI G., 1989.- Studio di fattibilità di una biofabbrica di insetti ed acari utili.- Atti del Convegno: "L'analisi ambientale in Italia: una rassegna di casi concreti", Milano, 31.01.1989, Ass. Analisti Ambientali, Fast Milano, 115-132.

60) MAINI S., 1989.- La lotta biologica.- Romagna, ieri, oggi, domani, 2(4): 45-50.

61) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1989.- Lotta biologica contro Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) su peperone in coltura protetta.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 44: 23-36. 45 ref.
Biological control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) on protected pepper.
The effectiveness of Trichogramma maidis as a biological control agent of the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis on pepper (Capsicum annuum) grown in plastic tunnels was tested in Ferrara province, Italy, in 1988-89. In 1988, 6 releases of the parasitoid at 2 different rates (150 and 250-300 adults/m2) resulted in rates of parasitism of sentinel egg masses of 9.07 ñ 1.71 and 49.2 ñ 11.75%, resp. In 1989, 3 different control techniques were compared: 7 sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki SA-11 (32 000 U.I. on Trichoplusia ni) at 100 g/h at interval of 7-10 days; releases of T. maidis twice weekly at the rate of 400 adults/m2 (12 releases in total); and a combination of these two at the same times and rates. Percentage parasitism was 74.4 ñ 6.9 in plots treated with T. maidis alone and 71.6 ñ 8.9 in plots treated with both biological control agents, indicating their compatibility. For all 3 treatments, fruit damage was significantly lower than in untreated areas. Leaf erosion caused by larvae of the noctuids Mamestra brassicae and M. suasa [Lacanobia suasa] and the pyralid Udea ferrugalis was observed but did not affect fruit yield.

62) BELLINI R., MAINI S., 1989.- Seasonal abundance and activity in Italy's Romagna of indigenous parasitoids of filth breeding flies.- Atti: Society for Vector Ecology, Europena Region, "4th Annual Conference Faculty of Agriculture University of Novi Sad", August, 20-24, 1989.

63) MAINI S., NICOLI G., MANZAROLI G., 1990.- Evaluation of the egg parasitoid Edovum puttleri Grissell for biological control of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) on aubergine.- In: "Practical application of integrated control in protected crops", Joint Experts' Meeting, Antibes (France), 16-18 Oct., 1989.

64) MAINI S., NICOLI G., MANZAROLI G., 1990.- Evalutation of the egg parasitoid Edovum puttleri Grissell for biological control of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) on eggplant.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 44: 161-168. 13 ref.
The effectiveness of the eulophid parasitoid Edovum puttleri against the chrysomelid Leptinotarsa decemlineata on aubergine was investigated in plastic tunnels and in the open field in Italy in 1987-88. Four- to 12-day-old adults of E. puttleri were released weekly (at 1 or 2/m2) throughout the egg-laying period of L. decemlineata. In 1987, the percentage of collected eggs attacked by E. puttleri was 48.02 and 29.76 in the tunnels and field, resp. Of these, E. puttleri parasitized 42.2 and 37.9% of the eggs in the tunnels and field, resp., and preyed upon an additional 57.4 and 60.7% of the eggs, resp. In 1988, the eggs were left on the plants to investigate the augmentative capability of E. puttleri; 60.7 and 35.2% of eggs were attacked in the tunnels and open field, of which 35.8 and 27.5% were parasitized and 61.9 and 69.1% were preyed upon, resp. Parasitoid adults emerged from 77.7% of eggs left in the tunnels and from 79.3% of those left in the open field. The results indicate that E. puttleri could be used as a biological control agent of L. decemlineata on aubergine. The most effective results were achieved in the second and third generations of the pest.

65) MAINI S., NICOLI G., 1990.- La serra come ecosistema.- Le Scienze quaderni, 53: 37-43.

66) MAINI S., BELLINI R., 1990.- Prime prove sull'impiego di Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) nel contenimento dei Ditteri nocivi negli allevamenti zootecnici.- Atti del XVI Congresso della Società Italiana di Parassitologia, Cagliari, S. Margherita di Pula, 7-11 maggio 1990: 13. Parassitologia. 1990, 32: Supplemento, 171-172; 1 ref.
First test of the release of Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for the control of dipteran pests in animal housing.An indigenous strain of the dipteran pupal parasitoid S. cameroni was released in 2 caged-layer poultry farms in Romagna, Italy. Another 3 similar farms were used as controls. 2 different methods were used simultaneously for testing the parasitization activity. These included sampling of wild pupae (of Musca domestica, Ophyra aenescens [Hydrotaea aenescens], Fannia canicularis and Muscina stabulans) and placement of sentinel house fly (Musca domestica) pupae. Neither method showed a significant increase in the rate of parasitism. The possible reasons for the limited effectiveness of the release are examined.

67) MAINI S., NICOLI G., 1990.- Edovum puttleri [Hym.: Eulophidae]: biological activity and responses to normal and frozen eggs of Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Col.: Chrysomelidae].- Entomophaga, 35: 185-193. 28 ref.
The acceptability and suitability of using frozen eggs of the chrysomelid aubergine pest Leptinotarsa decemlineata for rearing its biological control agent Edovum puttleri were investigated in the laboratory at LD 16:8 with matching temperature periods of 27 and 20ñ1øC. Host eggs frozen at -18øC were accepted and suitable for parasitization by E. puttleri. However, when given a choice between 20 frozen and 20 normal eggs every 2 days, the parasitoid females exhibited a significant preference for the latter. Parasitization and host predation patterns related to female age are described by 2 opposing 4th-order polynomial functions. Parasitization increased up to day 10, followed by a progressive decline. The average lifespan of a female was 31.10ñ3.58 days, with a recorded maximum of 56. High predatory behaviour of older females, which showed a decrease in parasitization, was observed under these experimental conditions. It is suggested that on the basis of these findings, it may be opportune to keep E. puttleri females in the oviposition cages no more than 20-25 days from emergence for efficient mass rearing.

68) MAINI S., BELLINI R., 1990.- Impiego di Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera Pteromalidae) per il contenimento dei Ditteri nocivi in allevamenti avicoli.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 45: 61-71. 22 ref.
The methods of rearing, release and parasitization monitoring are reported for S. cameroni being used to control Musca domestica, Ophyra aenescens [Hydrotaea aenescens], Fannia canicularis and Muscina stabulans at 4 poultry houses in Forli Province, Italy. Parasitization rates of wild fly pupae were significant though moderate in 2 houses. In one, where both F. canicularis and Musca domestica were found, S. cameroni showed a significant preference for the latter and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae for the former. The low parasitization rates of both wild and released S. cameroni and of the other fly parasitoids found were probably the result of the high moisture content of the poultry dung. The use of M. domestica sentinel pupae appeared no more advantageous than the collection of wild pupae.

69) BELLINI R., MAINI S., 1990.- Spalangia cameroni (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) rearing and release against filth flies in poultry houses.- Atti: Society for vector Ecology, "5th European Regional Meeting Uppsala University", Uppsala, Sweden, 2-6 Sept. 1990: 40.

70) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1990.- I parassitoidi di Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in Emilia Romagna.- Inf. tore Fitopat., 40 (9): 19-28. 55 ref.
The parasitoids of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in Emilia Romagna.Information is provided on the biology and occurrence of the following parasitoids of the pyralid maize pest Ostrinia nubilalis in Emilia Romagna, Italy: the tachinid Lydella thompsoni, the ichneumonids Sinophorus turionus and Eriborus terebrans [Diadegma terebrans], the braconids Chelonus annulipes and Habrobracon hebetor [Bracon hebetor] and the trichogrammatid Trichogramma maidis. The biology of the pteromalid Trichomalopsis sp., a pupal parasitoid of L. thompsoni, is also described. The importance of these parasitoids in the control of O. nubilalis is discussed.

71) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1990.- Influence of trap design and Phenylacetaldehyde upon field capture of male and female Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) and other moths.- Atti Convegno: "Pheromones in Mediterranean Pest Management", Abstracts, Working Group "Use of Pheromones and others Semiochemicals in Integrated Control", Granada, 10-15 Sep., 1990: 37.

72) MAINI S., NICOLI G., 1990.- La biofabbrica per l'allevamento di artropodi utili.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 40 (10): 28-32.
The biofactory for breeding useful arthropods.The role of 'biofactories' in promoting biological control of pests is discussed in connection with the first such units in Italy. Their products and prospects for sales are reviewed. The factory will have to have a network of advisers to introduce farmers to the new techniques.

73) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1990.- Influence of trap design and phenylacetaldehyde upon field capture of male and female Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) and others moths.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 45: 157-165. 30 ref.
Phenylacetaldehyde (PAA), a known attractant of both sexes of Ostrinia nubilalis, was used to detect moths in maize fields in Bologna Province, Italy. Comparisons were made between the sex pheromone sticky traps Traptest (baited with a 97:3 ratio of (E:Z)-tetradecenyl acetate), cone traps (Scentry-like) baited with the same sex pheromone blend, PAA (1.5 g in a felt fibre dispenser) + sex pheromone and PAA alone. Both virgin and mated females were caught in PAA-baited cone traps. Sex pheromone-baited sticky traps were less effective than baited cone traps. The addition of PAA to the sex pheromone in cone traps provided data on the presence of females. Captures of males were neither reduced or enhanced when traps were baited with PAA and pheromone. PAA also attracted Udea ferrugalis, Sitochroa verticalis, Autographa gamma and Macdunnoughia confusa, but not Pyrausta aurata or S. palealis.74) MAINI S., NICOLI G., BENUZZI M., MOSTI M., 1991.- A comparative study of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) sensitivity to preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. ssp. tenebrionis. In: 2nd Meeting "Microbial control of pests" Rome, 6-8 March 1989, Evans H. F. Ed., IOBC/WPRS Bull. 14 (1): 69-70.

75) GARDENGHI G., MAINI S., NICOLI G., TOMMASINI M. G., 1991.- Behaviour of Edovum puttleri Grissell on Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) egg masses. In: 3rd Int. Symp. Trichogramma and other egg parasitoids, San Antonio, Tx, U.S.A., Sep. 23- 27, 1990, Ed. INRA, Paris, 1991: 147-149.
The behaviour of females of the eulophid Edovum puttleri on eggs of Leptinotarsa decemlineata was studied in the laboratory. Three patterns were observed: drilling, host feeding and oviposition. The fate of host eggs could be predicted by observing the behavioural sequence of female parasitoids.

76) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1991.- Rearing of Trichogramma maidis Pint. & Voeg. on European Corn Borer frozen egg masses. In: 3rd Int. Symp. Trichogramma and other egg parasitoid, San Antonio, Tx, U.S.A., Sep. 23-27, 1990, Ed.INRA, Paris, 1991: 147-149.
A method for rearing Trichogramma maidis on frozen egg masses of the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis is described. Treatment at -11øC for 6 h killed 100% of pyralid eggs. Following storage for 1, 2 or 3 days, these eggs were suitable for parasitism by T. maidis. Suitability declined as storage time increased. There were no differences in percentage parasitism, progeny per host egg mass or sex ratio of progeny produced by parasitoid females reared for 14 generations on frozen or fresh eggs.

77) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1991.- Biological control of European Corn Borer in protected pepper by Trichogramma maidis Pint. & Voeg. and Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. subsp. kurstaki.- In: 3rd Int. Symp. Trichogramma and other egg parasitoids, San Antonio, Tx, U.S.A., Sep. 23-27, 1990, Ed.INRA, Paris, 1991: 213-215.
The biological control of Ostrinia nubilalis was studied on peppers [Capsicum] in greenhouses in Italy. During 1988, 6 augmentative releases of Trichogramma maidis at 150 and 250-300 adults/ m2 resulted in 9.07 and 49.2% parasitism, resp. In 1989, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Javelin at 32000 IU applied at 7- to 10-day intervals) and T. maidis (twice weekly at 400 adults/m2) were applied separately and together. B. t. subsp. kurstaki was compatible with T. maidis, parasitism of egg masses being 74.44% following parasitoid release only and 71. 58% following the combined treatment. Fruit damage was reduced following all 3 treatments.

78) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1991.- I Trichogramma.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 41 (7/8): 35-40.

79) MAINI S., BURGIO G., CARRIERI M., 1991.- Trichogramma maidis host-searching in corn vs. pepper.- In: Insect parasitoids, 4th European Workshop- Perugia 3-5 April, 1991, Redia 74 (3) "Appendice": 121-127. 24 ref.
Field studies in maize and pepper [Capsicum annuum] were carried out near Bologna, northern Italy, to evaluate the foraging behaviour of Trichogramma maidis, an egg parasitoid of the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis. T. maidis (Bologna strain) was reared on eggs of the pyralid Ephestia kuehniella and released at about the time of deposition of the 1st- and 2nd-generation egg masses of O. nubilalis. Four releases in June and 4 in July were made in plots of both crops at the rate of 6.4 adults/m2 over an area of 800 m2. Parasitization in the plots was monitored using sentinel egg masses of O. nubilalis. A comparison of total parasitization rates by T. maidis in maize and pepper showed that there were no significant differences between the 2 crops in the 1st generation of O. nubilalis (21.95% in maize versus 24.82% in pepper), but a significantly higher rate in pepper in the 2nd generation (10.71% versus 20.95%.). The absence of parasitization in sentinel egg masses of O. nubilalis deployed in a control plot 100 m from the release point showed that indigenous species of Trichogramma had no influence on the results. Given that the canopy of pepper remains practically unchanged from spring to summer, it is suggested that the most plausible explanation for the results is that the host-searching ability of T. maidis decreases as the leaf area index of maize increases. In both crops, there was an inverse relationship between distance from release point and percentage parasitism of sentinel egg masses.

80) CELLI G., BENUZZI M., MAINI S., MANZAROLI G., ANTONIACCI L., NICOLI G., 1991.- Biological and integrated pest control in protected crops of northern Italy's Po valley: overview and outlook.- In: Working group "Integrated control in protected crops under mediterranean climate", Alassio 29 Sept.-2 Oct. 1991, IOBC/WPRS Bull. 14 (5): 2-12. 13 ref.
The status of integrated pest management and biological control of arthropods and fungal diseases in protected strawberries, tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet peppers [Capsicum] and poinsettias in Italy is reported.

81) CELLI G., MAINI S., NICOLI G., 1991.- La fabbrica degli insetti.- franco muzzio & c. editore spa, Padova: 208 pp.

82) BURGIO G., MAINI S., 1991.- Possibilità di difesa biologica contro i principali fitofagi del peperone in coltura protetta.- Inf. tore Fitopat., 41 (11): 44-46.
Possibility of biological control of the main pests of pepper in protected cultivation.
Experiments on the biological control of arthropod pests on pepper [Capsicum annuum] grown in a tunnel were conducted in Italy in 1990. The efficacy of different formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki against the most important pest, Ostrinia nubilalis, was compared. O. nubilalis was monitored using traps baited with a 97:3 blend of (E)-tetradecenyl acetate: (Z)-tetradecenyl acetate and 100 mg phenylacetaldehyde (PAA). The 3 preparations of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki tested, Agrimont at 150 g, Thuricide at 150 g and SAN 415 at 100 g/hl, were equally effective in reducing numbers of 1st- and 2nd-instar larvae of O. nubilalis. The best time to apply B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was when the first females of O. nubilalis were captured. Adults of other species of Lepidoptera were also trapped but subsequent fruit damage by their larvae was insignificant. Tetranychus urticae was effectively controlled by one release of the phytoseiid predator Phytoseiulus persimilis in July at a rate of 7 predators/m2 when the density of prey was 0.1-0.3/leaf.

83) SZÖCS G., BÜDA V., CHARMILLOT P., ESBJERG P., FREIER B., GOTTWALD R., KOVALEV B., MAINI S., SOLOMON M.G., SORUM O., SUBCHEV M., TÒTH M., VAN DE VEIRE M., 1991.- Field tests of (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate: a sex attractant synergist for male currant borer, Synanthedon tipuliformis.- Entomol. exp. appl., 60: 283-288 7 ref.
In field trials conducted in Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Norway, Russia, Switzerland and the UK in either black currant or red currant plantations, traps baited with a 100:3 mixture of (2E,13Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate:(3E,13Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate attracted males of the sesiid Synanthedon tipuliformis in greater numbers than traps baited with (2E,13Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate alone in all countries. Using the former also provided an earlier indication of the beginning of the flight period, and gave a more reliable picture of the seasonal flight pattern of the sesiid. No differences were found in trends of captures conducted in both types of plantations. The results suggested that differences in the males' response to the attractant mixture were not associated with a preference for either red or black currant. The results are compared to those previously reported for a population of S. tipuliformis from Tasmania, for which (2E,13Z)-2,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate did not act as a synergist, a response that may have evolved locally.

84) TOMMASINI M.G., MAINI S., BURGIO G.,1992.- Prove di laboratorio con formulati a base di Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner ssp. tenebrionis nei confronti di Chrysomela populi L.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 42 (4): 61-64.

85) FERRARI R., MAINI S., 1992.- Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 42 (5): 45-49. 43 ref.
Notes are given on the food plants, biology, injuriousness, chemical control, natural enemies and biological control of the chrysomelid potato pest Leptinotarsa decemlineata in Italy. The characteristics, mode of action, pathogenicity and effectiveness in the field of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis are described in detail. This subspecies was isolated in Germany in 1982 and is active against some species of Coleoptera, particularly chrysomelids (including L. decemlineata). Tables are presented listing the level of susceptibility of different species of chrysomelids and other insects to the bacterium.

86) MARCELLI R., MONTERMINI A., MAINI S., 1992.- Prove preliminari con attrattivi sessuali sintetici di Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera Arctiidae).- Inf.tore Fitopat., 42 (6): 61-64. 12 ref.
Preliminary trials with synthetic sex attractants of Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera Arctiidae).
The effectiveness of sticky traps baited with synthetic sex attractants of Hyphantria cunea in capturing males of the arctiid was investigated in field studies in Reggio Emilia and around Rimini, Italy. Polyethylene or rubber dispensers on the sticky traps were primed with a 1:1:1 mixture of (9S,10R) -1,3Z,6Z-9,10-epoxyheneicosatriene, (9S,10R) -3Z,6Z-9,10-epoxyheneicosadiene and linolenic aldehyde each at a concn of 125, 250, 500 or 1000 µg. The results showed that polyethylene dispensers primed with the 3 compounds, each at a concn of 500 µg, were most effective in capturing males of H. cunea.

87) GALAZZI D., MAINI S., LOOMANS A.J.M., 1992.- Ceranisus menes (Walker) (Hymenoptera Eulophidae): collection and initial rearing on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera Thripidae).- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G.Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 46: 123-129. 19 ref.
Of 700 thripid larvae collected from wild meadows in the hills near Bologna and Faenza, Italy, in 1990, 31 larvae (9%) were parasitized from which 9 adults emerged (2.6%). All parasitoids collected and their progeny were females of Ceranisus menes. A laboratory rearing was set up using 19 C. menes females collected in Bologna. Only 5 females, 3 collected as adults and 2 from parasitized thripid larvae, parasitized Frankliniella occidenatlis. Of the 60 subsequent pupae, 30 emerged (all female), and 7 were used in later rearing trials at 25øC, 80% RH and LD 16:8. The resulting data showed that 78% of C. menes females emerged 28 to 34 days after parasitization (37% after 29 days), and 22% 46 to 64 days after parasitization. The emergence rate from pupae was 56%. Thripid larvae were observed feeding on both parasitized and unparasitized larvae. Host feeding by C. menes was confirmed. Two rearing methods were used: a modified Murai method and the bean pod method. Both methods were effective and C. menes was reared on F. occidentalis for at least 20 generations. Collections of C. menes adults from the flowers of wild vegetation in 1991 showed that the parasitoid occurs regularly in northern and central Italy. It is suggested that the collection and rearing on an Italian strain of C. menes could be important in planning a new or additional biological control strategy against F. occidentalis and other phytophagous thrips.

88) TÒTH M., LÖFSTEDT C., BLAIR B.W., CABELLO T., FARAG A.I., HANSSON B.S., KOVALEV B.G., MAINI S., NESTEROV E.A., PAJOR I., SAZONOV A.P., SHAMSHEV I.V., SUBCHEV M., SZÖCS G., 1992.- Attraction of male turnip moths Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to sex pheromone components and their mixtures at 11 sites in Europe, Asia, and Africa.- J. Chem. Ecol., 18 (8): 1337-1347. 25 ref.
Selected combinations of (Z)-5-decenyl, (Z)-7-dodecenyl and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetates, the pheromone components of Agrotis segetum, were tested for field attractancy in bait traps at 6, 2 and 3 sites in Europe, Asia and Africa, resp., on various crops. At all of the sites the ternary mixture of the acetates captured the most males, while at the sites south of the Sahara in Africa, (Z)-5-decenyl acetate alone was responsible for attraction. Differences in male attraction among the populations studied confirmed the existence of significant population variation in the pheromone of A. segetum. Interpretation of the present results together with earlier studies suggested that this variation is more or less continuous in Europe, Asia and north Africa, while a clearly distinct pheromone type is present in the areas south of the Sahara desert.

89) BURGIO G., FERRARI R., MAINI S., 1992.- Prove di laboratorio con un formulato a base di Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner ssp. tenebrionis nei confronti di Gonioctena fornicata (Brügg.).- Inf.tore Fitopat., 42 (11): 45-47. 25 ref.
Laboratory trials with a Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner ssp. Tenebrionis - based formulation against Gonioctena fornicata (Brugg.).
The efficacy of Novodor FC, a Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Tenebrionis - based formulation, against young (1st-3rd) instar larvae and adults of the chrysomelid lucerne pest Gonioctena fornicata was investigated in the laboratory. Young larvae and adults of the pest were fed on lucerne leaves treated at a dose of 5 ml/litre water. All larvae were killed within 2 days of feeding on the treated leaves. Adult mortality was significantly increased (by 44%) after 5 days of feeding on treated leaves, and after 7 and 10 days it had reached 52 and 72%, resp.

90) BENUZZI M., NICOLI G., MAINI S., 1992.- A review of integrated pest control in protected vegetable crops in southern Europe.- Arab J. Plant Protection, 10 (1): 63-67.

91) LENTEREN van J.C., BENUZZI M., NICOLI G., MAINI S., 1992.- Biological control in protected crops in Europe.- In: Biological control and integrated crop protection: towards environmentally safer agriculture. J.C. van Lenteren, A.K. Minks, O.M.B. de Ponti (Editors).- Pudoc Sci. Pub., Wageningen, NL: 77-88.

92) BURGIO G., MAINI S., MANFREDINI L., MAINI C., 1993.- Confronto fra lotta microbiologica e chimica contro Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) su mais dolce.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 43 (7/8): 45-48. 9 ref.
Comparison of microbiological and chemical control against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) on maize. The efficacy of a traditional chemical control strategy (a sequence of acephate (Orthene at 150 g a.i.), trichlorfon (Dipterex at 350 g a.i.) and deltamethrin (Decis at 50 g a.i./hl) and an insect growth regulator newly registered in Italy (teflubenzuron (Escort at full and half dosage (160 and 80 g a.i./hl))) was compared with that of 3 treatments of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (as Delfin at 150 ml/hl) against the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis on maize (cv. Dallas) grown for sweet corn in Solara and Camposanto, Italy, in 1991-92. The sequence of traditional insecticide sprays gave poor control in both years. In 1991, the damage index, calculated as ear infestation, was lower than that in the untreated control. In the same year, no significant differences were detected between the treatment with traditional insecticides and treatment with B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. In 1992, however, both B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and teflubenzuron, at both doses, were more effective than the traditional insecticides.

93) BUZZATTI O., MAINI S., 1993.- Edovum puttleri.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 43 (9): 27- 32.

94) FERRARI R., BURGIO G., MAINI S., 1993.- Comparison between preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and insecticides, against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col. Chrysomelidae) in potato field.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 48: 19-26. Comparison between preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and insecticides, against Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col. Chrysomelidae) in potato field. 24 ref.
Preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis (Novodor at 5000 cc/ha), B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Foil at 14 000 cc/ha) and the insecticides deltamethrin (at 30 ml/ha) and teflubenzuron (at 150 ml/ha) were tested against larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata in potato fields in Italy in 1990 and 1992. In 1990, no difference in effectiveness was found between the 2 microbiological preparations, but both were more effective than deltamethrin. In 1992, no difference in effectiveness was found between B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis and teflubenzuron.

95) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1993.- Relazione fra infestazione e catture di adulti di Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in trappole a feromone sessuale e fenilacetaldeide, su peperone sotto tunnel.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 48: 101-107. 14 ref.
Relationship between infestation and capture of adults of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in traps baited with sex pheromones and phenylacetaldehyde in pepper grown in tunnels.
Cone traps baited with sex pheromone (97:3 (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate:(Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate) and phenylacetaldehyde were used as a monitoring tool to trap males and females of the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis on sweet pepper [Capsicum annuum] grown in tunnels in Bologna Province, Italy, in 1991-93. There was a significant relationship between the average number of females captured during the 1st and the 2nd flight periods and the percentage of damaged fruits. However, neither the average number of males captured nor the average number of males + females captured was significantly related to larval attack of the fruits. The possible reasons for this are discussed. It is concluded that the number of females captured may indicate more precisely than that of males, the need and/or the timing of the control method to be applied.

96) LUGO G., CIPOLLA C., BONFIGLIOLI R., SASSI C., MAINI S., CANCELLIERI M.P., RAFFI G.B., PISI E., 1994.- A new risk of occupational disease: allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in persons working with beneficial arthropods.- Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 65: 291-294. 18 ref.
The arthropods which caused the reactions were: Chrysoperla carnea, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Ostrinia nubilalis and Ephestia kuehniella.

97) MAINI S., TOMMASINI M.G., BURGIO. G., NICOLI G., 1994.- Susceptibility of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Col. Chrysomelidae) larvae and adults to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. tenebrionis preparations.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 48: 239-246. 7 ref.
The efficacy of 2 preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, Novodor FC and San 418 I WG 64, against the larvae and adults of Leptinotarsa decemlineata was evaluated in the laboratory. Potato leaves were dipped in Novodor at a dose of 1.056 g/200 ml distilled water or San 418 I WG 64 at 0.25 g/200 ml distilled water. When treated potato leaves were offered to the larvae, it was found that the 1st- and 2nd-instars were the most susceptible stages, followed by the 3rd- and then the 4th-instars. The trends in mortality over time after treatment with the 2 preparations are shown and discussed. The mortality of adults treated with either preparation was significantly greater that that of untreated adults. In addition, mortality was higher in adults receiving a continual supply of treated potato leaves for 10 days than in those supplied with treated leaves for only 24 h. No difference in insecticide efficacy was observed between the preparations for either larvae or adults.

98) BURGIO G., MAINI S., BARRECA A., 1994.- Efficacia di formulati a base di Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner ssp. kurstaki nei confronti della Piralide infestante il peperone.- Inf. tore Fitopat., 44 (9): 49-53. 11 ref.
The results field trials to determine the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki-based preparations against Ostrinia nubilalis infesting sweet pepper [Capsicum annuum] in greenhouses in Italy are given. In 1991, 1- and 3-week interval treatments using Delfin reduced damage caused by O. nubilalis compared with the untreated control. In 1992, both Lepinox and Delfin reduced damage compared with the untreated control, but there was no statistical difference between the 2 formulations. Two treatments against 2nd-generation larvae was sufficient to reduce damage. When attacks by O. nubilalis were high, as in 1992, when the percentage damage ranged from between 34.8 and 43.7, spray intervals of 6-7 days were suggested for effective control. The spreader-sticker Vapor Gard (pinolene) did not affect the efficacy of B.t. subsp. kurstaki and/or its persistence. The importance of correct monitoring of adults of O. nubilalis using traps baited with sex pheromones and phenylacetaldehyde to allow the precise timing of control treatments is briefly discussed.

99) BIASIOLO A., PIVA R., BARBATTINI R., MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1994.- Analisi alloenzimatiche di campioni di Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) raccolti su ospiti diversi.- Atti XVII Congresso nazionale italiano di Entomologia Udine 13-18 giugno 1994: 701-702.

100) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1994.- Note sulla biologia di Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal.- Atti XVII Congresso nazionale italiano di Entomologia Udine 13-18 giugno 1994: 713-714.

101) MAINI S., BURGIO G., NICOLI G., 1994.- Attività di formulati a base di Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis nei confronti di Leptinotarsa decemlineata.- Atti XVII Congresso nazionale italiano di Entomologia Udine 13-18 giugno 1994: 717-718.

102) NARDI S., CORVI F., MAINI S., 1994.- Prove di lotta contro Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) dannosa al peperone nelle Marche.- Notiziario sulla Protezione delle Piante, 3 (N.S.): 153-161.

103) MAINI S., NARDI S., CORVI F., 1994.- Monitoraggio di Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) con attrattivi sessuali e Fenilacetaldeide nella valle dell'Esino.- Notiziario sulla Protezione delle Piante, 3 (N.S.): 163-171.

104) BURGIO G., MAINI S., 1995.- Phenylacetaldehyde trapping of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.), Autographa gamma (L.) and hoverflies: trap design efficacy.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 49: 1-14. 20 ref.
Sticky traps and three types of cone traps were tested in maize fields in Italy from 1990 to 1992 to evaluate trap design efficacy in capturing Ostrinia nubilalis, Autographa gamma and various species of Syrphidae. The traps were baited with the O. nubilalis sex pheromone (a mixture of (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate at a ratio of 97:3) alone or in combination with phenylacetaldehyde (PAA). The addition of PAA did not result in higher captures of O. nubilalis males. The cone traps caught more O. nubilalis females and males and proved to be more accurate in moth detection than the sticky traps. The largest cone-shaped traps tested were the most effective in capturing all species.

105) BURGIO G., MAINI S., 1995.- Control of European corn borer in sweet corn by Trichogramma brassicae Bezd. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae).- J. Appl. Ent., 119 (1): 83-87. 28 ref.
The biological control effectiveness of the indigenous egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae reared continuously on Ostrinia nubilalis eggs, was tested in Italy against O. nubilalis in sweet corn [maize] in 1991 (2 ha release plot) and 1992 (3.5 ha release plot). T. brassicae was reared for 3-4 generations on the factidious host Ephestia kuehniella and then released on the crop; a 0.5 ha plot situated at 300-400 m from the test plots was used as control in both years. Four releases, each totalling 250 000-300 000 individuals, were made the first year and 3 at the same rate/ha the 2nd. O. nubilalis adult emergence was monitored using traps baited with sex pheromone and phenylacetaldehyde food attractant. The parasitoid activity was monitored via sentinel egg masses following each release. The parasitization rates of the sentinel egg masses was always higher in the release plot vs. control. The parasitization of natural egg masses sampled in both years before harvest was: 12.5 and 10.86% in control as against 87.5 and 68.58% in T. brassicae plots in the respective years. O. nubilalis damage was calculated on crop ear samples. The rate (%) of sentinel egg mass predation by wild predators showed no significant difference between control and release plots for both years. The low level of O. nubilalis damage to crop ears evinced the good search capacity, parasitization and control effectiveness of T. brassicae.

106) TOMMASINI M. G., MAINI S., 1995.- Frankliniella occidentalis and other thrips harmful to vegetable and ornamentals crops in Europe.- Wageningen Agric. Univ. Papers, 95-1: 1-42.
In this review the status of the thrips pest species in Europe and in particular of Frankliniella occidentalis, the most important pest thrips in Europe nowadays, is reported, based on literature information up to December 1992. Different genera are mentioned in the suborder Terebrantia and in the family Thripidae: Thrips, Taeniothrips, Heliothrips, Parthenothrips, Hercinothrips and two genera of the sub-order Tubulifera, family Phlaeothripidae: Liothrips and Haplothrips. Some information regarding the biology, distribution and host plants (bionomics) is summarized. In general the damage induced by thrips, in relation to the different parts of the plant attacked, is discussed. Indirect damage such as transmission of viruses, bacteria and fungi is described too. Regarding F. occidentalis, also systematic notes and an accurate study of the biology, its distribution in Europe, of the plants damaged worldwide and in Europe in particular, are represented. The typical damages induced by F. occidentalis on different crops are discussed. A short presentation of methods of sampling is indicated.

107) MAINI S., 1995.- Rimboschimenti e siepi nelle aree agricole: positiva influenza sull'entomofauna utile.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 45 (4): 13-17. 37 ref. (- same article published also in - Identico articolo pubblicato anche con titolo: Boschi e siepi, un rifugio per tanti insetti utili, Terra e Vita, 36 (17): 30-32).
Reafforestations and hedgerows in agroecosystems: the role of beneficial insects.
The importance of 'shelter or nesting sites' for the conservation of beneficial insects is pointed out. In agroecosystems in Italy, hedgerows and woodlands contribute to enhance the biodiversity. Some examples, taken from the literature, are reported.

108) MAINI S., GALGANO F., FERRARI R., 1995.- Trappole a feromoni multi-innescate: il caso di Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.) Zeuzera pyrina (L.) e Cossus cossus (L.).- Inf.tore Fitopat., 45 (6): 44-48.

109) MAINI S., 1995.- Un insetto extracomunitario: Metcalfa pruinosa (Say), immigrato clandestino nelle Marche.- Notiziario Marche Agricoltura, 17 (8): 7-10.

110) BELFIORI D., MAINI S., 1996.- Hyphantria cunea: ciclo biologico nelle Marche.- Atti Giornate Fitopatologiche, 1: 207-214.

111) CELLI G., MAINI S., CORAZZA L., CAMPANINI L., 1996.- Siepi e spazi naturali: colonizzazione, dinamica delle popolazioni di fitofagi e insetti utili e interazioni con le aree coltivate.- C.E.R.A.S. Annali 1995, Supplemento a Innovazione e sperimentazione, Iniziative editoriali s.a.s. Castel S. Pietro Terme, (Bo), 5 (6): 327-337.

112) CELLI G., MAINI S., NICOLI G., 1996.- Cleono: mobilità e modalità di colonizzazione dei campi coltivati. Studio della dinamica di popolazione in diversi sistemi colturali.- C.E.R.A.S. Annali 1995, Supplemento a Innovazione e sperimentazione, Iniziative editoriali s.a.s. Castel S. Pietro Terme, (Bo), 5 (6): 338-345.

113) CELLI G., MAINI S., CORAZZA L., CAMPANINI L., 1996.- Cleono: mobilità e modalità di colonizzazione dei campi coltivati. Aspetti relativi alle migrazioni dagli ex-bietolai ai nuovi bietolai.- C.E.R.A.S. Annali 1995, Supplemento a Innovazione e sperimentazione, Iniziative editoriali s.a.s. Castel S. Pietro Terme, (Bo), 5 (6): 346-355.

114) CELLI G., MAINI S., CORAZZA L., CAMPANINI L., 1996.- Valorizzazione della lotta naturale contro gli Afidi.- C.E.R.A.S. Annali 1995, Supplemento a Innovazione e sperimentazione, Iniziative editoriali s.a.s. Castel S. Pietro Terme, (Bo),5 (6): 356-373.

115) MAINI S., 1996.- Dossier Piralide, quando la difesa è in armonia con l'ecologia.- Terra e Vita, 37 (13): 67-72.

116) MAINI S., NICOLI G., TOMMASINI M.G., BENUZZI M., MOSTI M., 1996.- Biocontrol of Arthropod pests in Eggplant in Italy.- Proc. of XX Int. Congress of Entomology, Firenze, August 25-31, 1996.

117) MAINI S., RIOLO P., GALGANO F., FERRARI R., NARDI S., RAMA F., 1996.- Multi-baited sex pheromone traps for Cossus cossus and Zeuzera pyrina males.- Proc. of XX Int. Congress of Entomology, Firenze, August 25-31, 1996.

118) MAINI S., BELFIORI D., 1996.- Noctua pronuba and Spilosoma luteum males attraction to virgin females and synthetic sex pheromone of Hyphantria cunea.- Proc. of XX Int. Congress of Entomology, Firenze, August 25-31, 1996.

119) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1996.- European corn borer monitoring in sweet corn: sex pheromone and phenylacetaldehyde multi-baited traps.- Proc. of XX Int. Congress of Entomology, Firenze, August 25-31, 1996.

120) CIPOLLA C., LUGO G., SASSI C., BONFIGLIOLI R., MAINI S., TOMMASINI M.G., RAFFI G.B., 1996.- A new risk of occupational disesase allergic asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in persons working with beneficial arthropods.- Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health, 68: 133-135.

121) MAINI S., 1996.- Notizie storiche e attualità della lotta biologica. In: La biodiversità alle soglie del 2000. Celli G., Maccagnani B., (Curatori), Edizioni Economia & Sviluppo, Bologna: 6-11.

122) TOMMASINI M.G., MAINI S., NICOLI G., 1997.- Advances in the integrated pest management in protected-eggplant crops by seasonal inoculative releases of Orius laevigatus.- Adv. Hort. Sci., 11: 182-188. 27 ref.
The implementation of IPM on greenhouse aubergines is difficult as several arthropod pests can attack this crop. In a two-year survey, two thrips species were found: Frankliniella occidentalis (the most harmful one) and Thrips tabaci. During a three-year period, the possibility of controlling thrips by means of pirate bug (Orius laevigatus) releases was tested in aubergine crops in plastic tunnels. This native predator was able to control effectively the exotic F. occidentalis despite chemical insecticides [different AI] sprayed against Aphis gossypii. The pirate bug releases, conducted as soon as thrips were detected, allowed an early interaction to be established between prey and predator at a low level of density. When insecticides were used the mass-reared predators were released more than once. The chemical control alone, carried out in check aubergine tunnels against F. occidentalis, showed a low degree of efficacy. Wide-spectrum insecticide treatments disrupted the enhancement of natural control and the releases of mass-reared beneficial arthropods.

123) ACCINELLI G., MAINI S., CAPIZZI A., 1998.- Effetti del tipo di trappola e dell'innesco feromonico sulla cattura di Cydia pomonella.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 48 (1-2): 70-75.
Effect of the type of trap and pheromone bait on the capture of Cydia pomonella.
The efficacy of different kinds of traps and pheromone dispensers for the tortricid Cydia pomonella was tested in Bologna, Italy, in 1994-95. Cylindrical sticky traps with different sized openings were compared to investigate the effect of the opening's diameter and the shape of the pheromone plume diffused from the traps. The capture of males in 3 different kinds of commercial traps (Traptest, 1CP Pherocon and a new model designed by Novapher and named Carpotrap) and with 3 different types of experimental bait was then compared. There was a negative correlation between the opening size of the cylindrical trap and the number of males caught. The sharpest pheromone plume resulted in an increase in the number of males caught, but small openings were also important to keep the males inside the traps. Field trials in 1994 testing a total of 90 pheromone traps in 10 orchards showed that the capture rate was lowest in the trap with the biggest opening (Traptest) compared to those with smaller openings (1CP Pherocon and Carpotrap). In 1995, tests with 36 traps in 4 orchards showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the 3 different kinds of traps. There was no significant difference between the number of males attracted by the 3 types of pheromone baits, including one of long duration which was not changed over the flight season.

124) MAINI S., RIOLO P., NARDI S., 1998.- Indagini sui Lepidotteri endofiti del Mais nel marchigiano.- Atti XVIII Congresso nazionale italiano di Entomologia Maratea 21-26 giugno 1998: 146.

125) MAINI S., GARONI F., FIUMI G., RAMA F., REGGIORI F., 1998.- Synanthedon spuleri (Fuchs) ed altri Lepidotteri Sesiidae catturati mediante attrattivi sessuali.- Atti XVIII Congresso nazionale italiano di Entomologia Maratea 21-26 giugno 1998: 257.

126) MAINI S., NICOLI G., 1998.- L’allevamento degli insetti e degli acari predatori nelle biofabbriche.- Atti Accademia Nazionale italiana di Entomologia, Rendiconti, 46: 135-168.

127) MAINI S., SANTI F., 1999.- Cameraria ohridella microlepidottero dannoso all’Ippocastano: prima segnalazione a Bologna e dintorni.- Notiziario sulla Protezione delle Piante, 10 (N.S): 73-77.

128) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 1999.- Ostrinia nubilalis on sweet corn: relationship between adults caught in multibaited traps and ear damages.- J. Appl. Ent., 123 (3): 179-185. 37 ref.
Infestation with Ostrinia nubilalis can be detected by using different sampling techniques in the field and statistical models aimed to assess the development time of larvae and crop damage. An appropriate monitoring for this polyphagous species to show a relationship between the kind of sampling or a model and the subsequent damage in a particular crop, is very difficult. Sex pheromone traps, generally, are also not reliable for monitoring the pest. The possibility of employing new types of traps baited with a sex pheromone and a maize kairomone, phenylacetaldheyde (PAA) (multibaited traps), was investigated. In sweet corn, trapping experiments were conducted in Italy over a 2-year period with two kinds of cone traps (XLa and XLb) set up at the borders of fields (four replicates). Attacks by first and second generation larvae were evaluated in the corn ears as a percentage of damage and using a damage index (DI). A correlation was found between the number of females caught per trap and either the percentage of damaged ears (r = 0.73 for XLa; r = 0.65 for XLb) and the DI (r = 70 for XLa; r = 0.60 for XLb). Conversely, the number of males caught per trap was not correlated with larval damage. A linear model of multiple correlation fitted to the data of simultaneous captures of males and females showed that the coefficients were not higher than simple correlation. The correlation coefficients obtained by fitting a curvilinear response surface were higher (r = 0.81 for XLa and r = 0.84 for XLb, respectively, related to percentage of damaged ears; r = 0.79 for XLa and r = 0.76 for XLb, respectively, related to DI), thus indicating that the simultaneous counting of males and females in cone traps can be an efficient and simple monitoring tool.

129) MAINI S., 1999.- Ricordo di Giorgio Nicoli.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 52: 115-125.

130) MAINI S., BURGIO G., 2000.- I Trichogramma. In: "Gli ausiliari nell'agricoltura sostenibile" NICOLI G. e RADEGHIERI P., curatori, Edagricole, Bologna, 382 pp.:145-143.

131) BUZZATTI O., MAINI S., 2000.- Edovum puttleri, In: "Gli ausiliari nell'agricoltura sostenibile" NICOLI G. e RADEGHIERI P., curatori, Edagricole, Bologna, 382 pp.:193-200.

132) SANTI F., MAINI S., 2000.- Neodryinus typhlocybae, In: "Gli ausiliari nell'agricoltura sostenibile" NICOLI G. e RADEGHIERI P., curatori, Edagricole, Bologna, 382 pp.:225-235.

133) FERRARI R., MAINI S., 2000.- Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis. In: "Gli ausiliari nell'agricoltura sostenibile" NICOLI G. e RADEGHIERI P., curatori, Edagricole, Bologna, 382 pp.:305-313.

134) SANTI F., MAINI S., 2000.- Neodryinus typhlocybae, una risorsa per il contenimento di Metcalfa pruinosa.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 50 (7-8): 49-53.
Neodryinus typhlocybae, useful for containing Metcalfa pruinosa.
M. pruinosa, a recent arrival in Italy, is spreading rapidly and damaging both fruit trees and ornamentals; it is often found where chemical control measures are undesirable. Following an account of its life cycle, the life cycle of a potential biocontrol agent, N. typhlocybae, is described. N. typhlocybae has been successfully introduced into Italy but, in order to have sufficient numbers for use against M. pruinosa, it is now being bred commercially. A state of equilibrium between the pest and its parasitoid seems to have been achieved.

135) SANTI F., ACCINELLI G., MAINI S., 2000.- Cameraria ohridella, minatore fogliare dell'ippocastano: catture con trappole sessuali e note di biologia.- Inf.tore Fitopat., 50 (11): 7-11.
Cameraria ohridella, horse chestnut leaf miner: catches with sex pheromone traps and biological notes.
Cameraria ohridella is a new pest of horse chestnut [Aesculus hippocastanum] in Italy. The efficacy of sticky traps baited with sex pheromone of Phyllonorycter blancardella was compared to the efficiency of traps using C. ohridella virgin females. The males were attracted selectively and caught in higher numbers in the traps using females as bait. C. ohridella overwinters as a pupa. In 1999, adult emergence started at the end of March and 4 completed generations and a partial fifth were observed.

136) BURGIO G., MAINI S., 2000.- Agroecologia e difesa delle colture.- Il Divulgatore, Agricoltura, Alimentazione, Ambiente, Provincia di Bologna, 23 (12): 9-11.

137) MAINI S, ACCINELLI G., 2000.- Confusione - disorientamento e distrazione sessuale: confronti tra erogatori di feromone di Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae). - Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 54: 113-122.
- Lo stesso lavoro è stato pubblicato anche… The same paper is published in Inf.tore Fitopat., 51 (10): 36-40 -
The mechanisms of mating disruption for Cydia molesta [Grapholita molesta] males are various. The pheromone dispensers, according with their effects, can be categorized into two groups: the first one permits the orientation of males towards the pheromone release point, the other, creating a uniform pheromone cloud, does not allow the male to follow any pheromone plumes. In the years 1998-99 a study was carried out for the validation of these mechanisms and for the subdivision of the commercial pheromone dispenser (Basf, Intrachem, MaterBi Isagro, Standard Dispenser Isagro) according to their function. Sticky traps (Traptest(R)) were baited with different dispenser types and, every week, the males trapped were counted. As we presumed the dispensers with a high concentration of sex pheromone blend had a disorienting effect on the males. On the contrary the traps baited with dispensers with a low dose caught a high number of males. It means that these dispensers permit the orientation of the males to the pheromone release point. For this reason we suggest to use the term mating disruption or confusion for the techniques that really disrupt the male orientation and distraction for the techniques in which the males can maintain the orientation but following false trails.

138) BAZZOCCHI G. G., MAINI S., 2000.- Ruolo dei semiochimici volatili nella ricerca dell'ospite da parte del parassitoide Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera Eulophidae). Prove olfattometriche.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 54: 143-154.
Role of volatile semiochemicals in the parasitoid Diglyphus isaea (Hymenoptera Eulophidae). Host searching olfactometer bioassays.
In order to investigate the role of volatile semiochemicals in the tritrophic interaction involving bean plants, the pest leafminer Liriomyza trifolii Burgess, and the parasitoid Diglyphus isaea Walker, the attractiveness, for naive and experienced parasitoid females, of six different components of the host-plant complex, was checked in a series of Y-tube olfactometer bioassays. Sound and mechanically injured bean leaves, leaves damaged by adult pest feeding punctures, L. trifolii larvae extracted from the leaf and adults, and the whole host plant complex (mined leaves with larvae of the pest) were tested as possible odour sources. D. isaea females chose odour from bean plant attacked by L. trifolii adults and/or larvae. Artificially damaged bean plant did not elicit response on parasitoid females. The role of the imaginal experience was demonstrated. In particular experienced females, but not the naive ones, responded to the odour of L. trifolii adults.

139) BELLINI R., PEDERZANI F., PILANI R., VERONESI R., MAINI S., 2000.- Hydroglyphus pusillus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera Dytiscidae): its role as a mosquito larvae predator in rice fields.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 54: 155- 163.
Northern Italy rice fields are important breeding sites for several noxious mosquito species: Aedes caspius (Pallas), Anopheles atroparvus (Van Thiel), An. melanoon (Hackett), An. messae (Falleroni), Culex modestus (Ficalbi), Cx. pipiens (L.). Mosquito larvae in rice fields support high natural mortality largely due to predatory action. Among predators, several species of Dytiscidae resulted well adapted to rice field habitat of North-eastern Po valley. Hydroglyphus pusillus (Fabricius) is the most abundant species during the whole season and it was observed actively preying on Ae .caspius larvae. In aquarium trials we confirmed the predatory ability of this species against third and fourth instar Cx. pipiens larvae.

140) MAINI S., FERRARI R., POZZATI M., RAMA F., 2000.- Zeuzera pyrina (L.) e Cossus cossus (L.) confronto fra trappole a feromone sessuale per catture simultanee dei maschi.- Boll. Ist. Ent. "G. Grandi" Univ. Bologna, 54: 165-173
Zeuzera pyrina (L.) and Cossus cossus (L.) comparison between sex pheromone traps to simultaneous male catches.
In Italy, the two species of Lepidoptera Cossidae - European goat moth Cossus cossus (L.) and Leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina (L.) - can infest both fruit orchards as well as other trees. C. cossus and Z. pyrina larvae can live together on the same tree plant, burrowing galleries in trunks and branches.
Experiments were conducted to evaluate capture efficiency in relation to: 1) different types of traps (funnel with or without different kinds of baffles and other modifications); 2) position of traps in the tree canopy; 3) effect of multi-baited traps i.e.: C. cossus sex pheromone dispenser added to Z. pyrina dispenser in one trap compared to single-baited sex pheromone trap (standard trap). The C. cossus sex pheromone dispenser was a bimatrix loaded with 8 mg Z5-12Ac (outer rubber caps) + 4 mg Z3-10Ac (inner rubber septum protected by a nylon sheat) and the Z. pyrina dispenser was a polythene cap with 9.5 mg E2Z13-18Ac + 0.5 mg E3Z13-18Ac + 0.5 mg Z2Z13-18Ac. Multifactorial analysis demonstrated that: 1) there was no difference in male captures related to type of trap for C. cossus, nevertheless for Z. pyrina the funnel traps without baffles caught more males than funnel with buffles; 2) traps located over the tree canopy were the most efficient for C. cossus and Z. pyrina male captures; 3) the number of males of the two Cossidae species trapped in multi-baited traps was not different with respect to standard traps. Multi-baited traps can be recommended either for mass trapping or survey applications for both species of xylophagous Cossidae.

141) RIOLO P., NARDI S., MAINI S., 2001. - Sesamia e piralide: attacchi su mais da granella nel Marchigiano.- Inf.tore Agrario, 57 (7): 101-105.
Surveys carried out during 1993-96 on maize crops in the plain and hilly regions of Italy showed consistent, but small annual variations in the numbers of Sesamia cretica and Ostrinia nubilalis. In hilly regions, the main parasitoid was identified as Lydella thompsoni.

142) CELLI G., MAINI S., FERRARI R., CORNALE R., POZZATI M., RADEGHIERI P., BURGIO G., 2001.- Studio dell'entomofauna utile presente in aziende agricole del Parco del Delta del Po: dinamica delle popolazioni e interazione con le aree coltivate.- Inf.tore Botanico Italiano, 33 (1): 279-281.

143) Furlan L., Di Bernardo A., Ferrari R., Boriani L., Maini S., Nobili P., Vacante V., Bonsignore C., Figlioli G., TÓth M., 2001.- First practical results of Click Beetle trapping with pheromone traps in Italy. XXI IWGO Conference Abstract, Legnaro, Padua, Venice, October 27 - November 3, 2001: 57.

144) SANTI F., FORMICA A., ACCINELLI G., MAINI S., 2002.- Efficacia di trappole a feromone nei confronti di Cameraria ohridella.- Inf.tore Agrario, 58 (5): 73-75.
Cameraria ohridella sex pheromone traps efficacy.
In the last few years the horse-chestnut leafminer has started to spread in Italy. The specific sex pheromone has been available in Italy only since half-June 2001. Comparing it with virgin females baited traps, it was proved to be very successful. Sex pheromone traps could be chosen for leafminers detection, providing information about their biological cycle, flight curves, and their spread on the territory.

145) PORRINI C., SABATINI A.G., MONACO L., MEDRZYCKI P., FONTI P, MAINI S., 2002.- Studi sulla presenza dei metalli pesanti nel miele.- Atti del Convegno: Il ruolo della ricerca in apicoltura, Bologna, Marzo 2002. Litosei, Bologna: 291-297.

146) QUARANTA M., MEDRZYCKI P., PORRINI C., ROMAGNOLI F., CELLI G., MAINI S., LONGO S., MAZZEO G., RICCIARDELLI D'ALBORE G., PALMIERI M., COMBA L., PIATTI C., PINZAUTI M., FELICIOLI A., AMBROSELLI S., NARDI E., NICCOLINI L., PIAZZA M. G., INTOPPA F., CARINI A., FLORIS I., SATTA A., MARLETTO F., MANINO A., PATETTA A., COMOLI R., PORPORATO M., ZANDIGIACOMO P., BARRO P., 2002.- Il censimento dei pronubi selvatici in Italia, con particolare riferimento agli imenotteri apoidei (nota preliminare).- Atti del Convegno: Il ruolo della ricerca in apicoltura, Bologna, Marzo 2002. Litosei, Bologna: 333-344.

147) PORRINI C., ROMAGNOLI F., MEDRZYCKI P., CELLI G., MAINI S., 2002.- Il censimento degli insetti pronubi in Emilia-Romagna.- Atti del Convegno: Il ruolo della ricerca in apicoltura, Bologna, Marzo 2002. Litosei, Bologna: 371-377.

148) MACCAGNANI B., LADURNER E., TESORIERO D., SANTI F., NEPI M., CRESTI L., PACINI E., MAINI S., 2002.- Ricerche sulla biologia di Osmia cornuta (Latreille) (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) per la messa a punto di un allevamento in cattività.- Atti del Convegno: Il ruolo della ricerca in apicoltura, Bologna, Marzo 2002. Litosei, Bologna: 409-414.

149) MACCAGNANI B., LADURNER E., SANTI F., TESORIERO D., MAINI S., 2002.- Osmia cornuta (Latreille) e Megachile rotundata (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae): impollinazione e riproduzione in semicampo.- Atti del Convegno: Il ruolo della ricerca in apicoltura, Bologna, Marzo 2002. Litosei, Bologna: 415-421.

150) MAINI S., 2002.- Le biofabbriche.- Notiziario sulla Protezione delle Piante, 14 (N.S.): 107-128.

151) FERRARI R., BORIANI L., FURLAN L., MAINI S., 2002.- Monitoraggio e prevenzione per combattere gli elateridi.- Agricoltura, Regione Emilia-Romagna, 30 (4): 55-57.

152) BURGIO G., SANTI F., MAINI S., 2002.- On intra-guild predation and cannibalism in Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) and Adalia bipunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).- Biological Control, 24: 110-116.
Interspecific competition between the exotic coccinellid Harmonia axyridis Pallas and the native species Adalia bipunctata L. was investigated in the laboratory by determining the consumption of interspecific eggs by fourth instars and adult females. Larvae and adult ladybirds were individually put into petri-dishes at 25°C with 20 eggs of the selected target species. The tests included three treatments a:) only coccinellid eggs; b) coccinellid eggs and 5 aphids, and c) coccinellid eggs and 40 aphids. Intraguild predation (IGP) by H. axyridis of eggs of the native species A. bipunctata, was lower in comparison with egg cannibalism (CANN) by H. axyridis, for both adults and larvae. No differences were detected for larvae at the density of 5 aphids. IGP of exotic against the native species was never higher than CANN of native species. IGP of native species was never higher in comparison with CANN. A. bipunctata adult CANN was significantly higher than IGP at densities of 0 and 40 aphids. In the set of experiments on CANN and IGP an inverse correlation was observed between egg consumption by adults and larvae and aphid density. Our bioassays indicate that H. axyridis does not demonstrate IGP vs. native species at higher level than CANN of native species. It appears that exotic H. axyridis does show a high potential for CANN and therefore seems unlikely this species will to have a negative impact on native species by IGP of eggs.